Banknotes became fiduciary media within the operation of the unhampered market economy. Deposits subject to check are money-substitutes and, as far as their amount exceeds the reserve kept, [are] fiduciary media, and consequently no less a vehicle of credit expansion than are banknotes. The begetter of credit expansion was the banker, not the authority. But today credit expansion is exclusively a government practice.

While the size of the credit expansion that private banks and bankers are able to engineer on an unhampered market is strictly limited, governments aim at the greatest possible amount of credit expansion. Credit expansion is the governments’ foremost tool in their struggle against the market economy.

What is needed to prevent further credit expansion is to place the banking business under the general rules of commercial and civil laws compelling every individual and firm to fulfill all obligations in full compliance with the terms of the contract.

Free banking is the only method for prevention of the dangers inherent in credit expansion. Only free banking would have rendered the market economy secure against crises and depressions.